Cultural Context Essay Example for Free

Cultural Context Essay Even though construction is usually considered as originally the activity of men and machines in digging, moving, shaping, erecting, and so forth, the relative use of building materials by the construction industry far exceeds its share in the gross domestic product. Specifically is construction of great significance for that special class of materials sometimes called as the â€Å"physical-structure† materials, which made major things of human civilization. Out of these â€Å"physical-structure† materials the more or less long-lasting and reliably shaped are wood and concrete. They are basic building materials for thin-shell roof construction, walls, tanks, large-diameter pipes, runways, highway bridges and many other structures. Main Body Concrete is related to the most significant building technologies in twentieth and the early twenty first century. However, other important building materials, such as wood, also figure in the construction picture. The poured method of concrete building has been so improved that buildings of this material are now erected as rapidly as a wood structure. Engineering departments all over the world are now prepared to assist engineers, architects and builders to apply concrete and wood to their construction work. Increasingly in the beginning of the twentieth century, when builders were asked how they should build the foundation possessing good physical strength, their answer was concrete. Either by placing the steel frame upon concrete foundations or by placing it upon a more spacious concrete raft foundation, architectural constructors in most cases complement steel with concrete as a problem-solving building material. By reinforcing concrete with steel rods, or by using steel machinery to form concrete blocks as prefabricated building blocks, builders further diversified their architectural techniques. The most approved composition of concrete for general construction consists of a mixture of broken limestone, granite or clean screened mixture of rock fragments, clean coarse sand and cement, in such proportions that the voids between the stone are completely filled by the sand and the voids in the sand completely filled with cement, with a slight excess of cement to guarantee a perfect connection with the stone. To create top-quality concrete, manufacturers need equally high-grade cement. By 1900 approximately three-quarters of that material was Portland cement, named after the tiny island of Portland in the U. K. where a desirable limestone used in its manufacture was descovered. In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, from Leeds, was the first to provide the world with Portland cement, but after 1872 the material was produced in the United States and its popularity spread rapidly (Collins, 1998). At the 1876 Philadelphia Exhibition, American Portland cement was displayed to the public as a useful and practical building material, but production only began in earnest in 1880 and domestic cement only began to overtake European imports in 1897, by which time American machinery for crushing aggregate and making concrete had also begun to substitute European machines, even in Europe itself (American Exporter, 1906, 58 (3), pp. 79-87). Wood structures can be constructed more quickly and inexpensively than other kinds. Wood still is used for finish flooring in the living areas of about four out of five homes, although plastic tiles and other materials are gaining ground. Flooring generally involves both the visible flooring and a subflooring. Most frame houses utilize boards for subflooring, but plywood is gaining ground. In buildings which use concrete beams, concrete flooring slabs are generally poured right along with the beams. Steel structures may be floored with poured concrete or with precast concrete or gypsum slabs. Roofs of houses, which have a timber framework and cladding, are likely to have as the foundation wooden board, plywood, or composition planking. However, the current general tendency in home building toward flat, or low-pitched, roofs has led to a partial shift from tile, wood, and asbestos tiles to concrete materials and poured concrete. Because of its important role in residential buildings, wood does only slightly less well than concrete. Although its relative cost has increased with time, it is still the most popular building material all over the world. The open-grained wood of any of numerous coniferous trees, such as pine and cedar, as distinguished from that of a dicotyledonous tree, enters the English home as framing, siding, shingles, finishing panels, sash, millwork, and boarding, used to cover the wall studding or roof joists of a timber frame; the wood of any of numerous broad-leaved dicotyledonous trees, such as oak, beech, ash, etc. principally as flooring, material used for making panels, and trim. In non-residential buildings, wood is put to practice as the most widely used building material for concrete formwork, railroad ties, telephone poles, railings, fences, and many other purposes (BLAIRSLTD). The chief advantages of wood in construction industry include its ease of production and of process by which wood is packaged and transported, its low thermal conductivity, and its strength-to-weight ratio (which is greater than that of cast iron and is identical to that of the stronger concretes) (Rowell 9). Yet, because of its peculiar weaknesses as an organic material, such as vulnerability to fungi and various insects, its relative lack of versatility in terms of design, and its long-term rise in price in comparison with concrete, the relative role of wood as a building material may to some degree decrease in the future, and further replacement may be projected. If considered as a structural material in large building construction, wood has already been largely replaced by concrete framing, brick or concrete walls, and concrete floors. This trend will probably continue in the future. On the other part, wood framing probably will retain its dominating position in the residential building, although giving way a bit to steel, concrete, perhaps aluminium, and sandwich panel method of building. The advantages of metal roof frameworks are gradually reducing the amount of wood required for roof structures. Moreover, for exterior trimming wood is being increasingly substituted by brick exterior and by panels of such building materials as asbestos, metal, and organic materials with a polymeric structure. Dry wall building and the utilisation of gypsum plasterboard and of metal lath are also considerably lessening the need for wood. The most important role for wood is probably in finished flooring, but there are modern trends toward replacement of composition and various types of synthetic materials even in living areas. Wood, like steel, is yielding to aluminum as the leading building material for window frames, door frames, doorways, trim, and other such purposes. In concrete building the formwork is tending change from wood to steel and plywood and also to plastics. Growing popularity of plywood and of laminated structural members may slow down the trend away from wood. Laminated wood arches, structural frameworks of wood, and roof systems have proved appropriate for spanning distances up to 120 feet, and, because of their attractive and pleasant appearance, are today in frequent use in the building of churches and temples, buildings for public gatherings or meetings, shopping areas, and the similar places. Plywood, which to some degree possesses more physical strength than lumber, may replace lumber in almost any of its uses; it is already extensively used in subflooring, boarding, interior panelling, concrete forms, and so forth. Thus, it may be expected to grow in total use at almost twice the rate predicted for lumber. Use of concrete in building is constantly increasing today. It is a changeable mixture of portland cement, fine aggregates (almost always sand), and coarse aggregates (crushed stone, gravel, cinder, slag, or whatever else is available within a particular area). The proportions of these ingredients are influenced by the particular use to which the concrete is to be intended, but they are at most times 1:2:4. As can be seen, cement is the minor component in this mixture. The fact that concrete is the most extensively used building material can be explained by its advantages related to wood among which are versatility, its high breaking strength relative to bricks and other kinds of masonry materials, the low price which makes it comparatively inexpensive material relative to structural steel, and in essence the presence of concrete components almost in all areas (Classic Encyclopaedia). The main uses of concrete in England are in dams, water tanks, pipes and sewers, heavy walls, piers, caissons, columns, and road and sidewalk pavements. In addition, concrete is utilised in the form of units cast in a particular form before being used in building, such as concrete blocks and cast stone, whose principal advantage over wood, brick, and structural tile is that they are costing relatively little. Because of the low flexural strength of concrete, it is combined with steel in most of its construction applications (Classic Encyclopaedia). This combination is made possible by the match of coefficients of thermal expansion of these materials. The amount of reinforcing steel rods, wire, wire-mesh, and so forth needed for a concrete structure is only one-third to one-half the amount needed for a similar completely steel structure. In England, the possibilities of this technique of construction are just beginning to extend its use beyond massive complex constructions. The chief disadvantages of reinforced concrete (also known as ferroconcrete or armoured concrete) in comparison with structural steel are the time and costs of construction, even if one takes account of the applying paints to the surface of steel members and their trimming. It is costly to build and remove forms, shores, and temporary metal or wooden frameworks. Most of the developments, which been made not long ago, in methods of concrete building are somehow related to reducing expense on forms, First, as an alternative to the traditional lumber and plywood, steel and more recently, plastic with fibrous matter to confer additional strength forms have been experimented. Plastics are especially showing great promise, in view of the fact that they are smooth and easily utilised, able to keep water, may be given extraordinary shapes, and may be use again and again from fifteen to twenty times. Second, â€Å"slip-form† pavers have been successfully employed in laying road pavements (Green 1-2). Third, precasting of concrete members has been used as a mass production technique and to provide solid and robust in construction, more unchanging in form concrete, but presents some transportation problems. Fourthly, so-called tilt-up construction and lift-slab construction has permitted walls, floors, and columns to be poured on a horizontal surface and then either tilted or lifted into place. Finally, able to be used more than once, adjustable length steel trusses have removed the need for the multiple strengthening which differently has to be placed under the conventional built-up forms. The faster such form-saving processes are improved and used by engineers and constructors, the faster steel concrete is likely to be used as a structural material. One more limitation of usual concrete is its low heat insulation value. That is why concrete walls are occasionally of a non-load bearing, sandwich type, being composed of a layer of insulating material cast between two concrete slabs. In this application, concrete is to a serious degree threatened by other types of curtain walls, including various types of sandwiches. Alternative way to give concrete protecting properties is to make it with relatively light weight aggregates – such as vermiculite, expanded clay, and so forth. In this form, it not any more has sufficient quality of being physically strong to be used for load bearing purposes, although it has been very well utilised in long-span roof building. Prestressed concrete has gotten great significance as a building material. The basic characteristic of prestressed concrete is that, by compressing concrete and keeping it under compression, the tensile stresses caused by loads are neutralized (CEMENT). The compression is accomplished by casting the concrete around stretched rods or cables, the tension on which is released as the concrete sets. A prestressed beam needs only one-fourth the weight of the steel and one-half the weight of concrete which is needed to support the same load by a usual reinforced concrete member. Although it was patented by a San Francisco engineer in 1886, prestressed concrete did not emerge as an accepted and effective building material until a half-century later. Since then it had been intensively used in Europe for structural purposes. Up to the present moment, prestressed concrete’s applications have been limited mostly to pipes, tanks, runways, and from time to time highway bridges. As engineers and constructors gain experience and manage to reduce the manufacturing expenses, prestressing may become competitive with steel and with reinforced concrete building. After weighing up all the factors, the trend is more toward a substitution of concrete for other building materials than of other building materials for concrete. The use of portland cement which is made by heating a slurry of clay and crushed chalk should more than double in the next decades, may presumably triple, and at its lowest is expected to become greater by at least one-third.

life :: essays research papers

In the Bible, a book meant to be the word of God, condemns such things as murder, adultery and theft. I find it hard to believe that an all-powerful, all-knowing, infinitely-good being that â€Å"created† this world and everything in it would allow any of these things to occur. He would not only condemn them in an ancient book, but abolish them altogether along with any other things evil. If God is supposed to be the â€Å"heavenly father† wouldn't he want and impose onto his children his goodness and weed out all evil? Aquinas also shows this non-existence through Objective 2 where he writes how it is expecting too much for something that can be accounted for be a few principles has been produced by many. There are other principles that can account for everything we see in our world supposing God did not exist. All things can be reduced to one principle, that of nature and therefore there is no need to suppose God's existence. Once more I agree with his rationale of this subject, for it is logical to believe in a simple, visible, measurable concept such as the principle of nature, instead of something so complex it is near in-conceivable, and not able to be seen or measured. Nature could have accounted for the gradual development of mankind and scientific theories have given us explanations for the existence of nature and proof of this gradual development. Our planet's creation has been explained as a result of â€Å"The Big Bang† and man's development from a single-cellular organism to the multi-cellular, intelligent man of today by evolution. I agree with both of Thomas Aquinas' Objectives and it is mainly because of these two arguments that I, myself do not believe in the existence of

Playtime

There's a scene where a Janitor comes out and Just tanks in place not knowing what to do because apparently the floor of the building is so clean that there's nothing else to clean. This shows us that their world or things they represent have to be perfect. By having a certain way to walk and the place being clean shows us that they have to represent professionalism. As we keep watching throughout the film we hear a baby cry but we don't see him/ her. The director tries to confuse us by showing a lady that looks like a nurse caring a baby but instead she's caring some towels.But as well shows us another lady walking her back towards us pushing something that looks like a stroller but Instead it's a baggage. This wont be the first or last time he will try to confuse us. As the film moves on, we see a bunch of tours ready to be guided to their destination. Someone goes and assists them but puts them Into two straight lines to not show sloppiness. As they're walking there way out Barbar a notices a dog barking but when she turns around to see where It's coming from the guy Is Just petting his baggage.As they get In the bus the director shows us another scene where Hullo looks new to the city. Hullo goes inside a building where he's supposed to search for someone. But within that search Hullo Is always getting lost or getting confused by a salesman. He studies the frames, chairs, and reflection of windows as If he has never seen those objects before. There are a lot of scenes where people are being framed and we as the audience are looking or hearing what the characters can't notice.For example as Hullo Is dating In a four glass room for the person he may speak to, we hear and see what's going around outside that glass room that he may not hear or see. As he searches for the guy we can see where he Is but Hullo can't. The reflection of the mirror confuses Hullo and leads him to different places loosing the guy again. There Is another sequence where construction work ers are putting up a glass but are being framed with another glass. The people from outside are watching them as If It were to be a show These parts of the film can relate to the reading of Badly Set. Selection 4. Playtime By Janitor her back towards us pushing something that looks like a stroller but instead it's a goes and assists them but puts them into two straight lines to not show sloppiness. As they're walking there way out Barbara notices a dog barking but when she turns around to see where it's coming from the guy is Just petting his baggage. As they get in the bus the director shows us another scene where Hullo looks new to the city. That search Hullo is always getting lost or getting confused by a salesman.He studies he frames, chairs, and reflection of windows as if he has never seen those objects are looking or hearing what the characters can't notice. For example as Hullo is waiting in a four glass room for the person he may speak to, we hear and see what's the guy we can see where he is but Hullo can't. The reflection of the mirror confuses Hullo and leads him to different places loosing the guy again. There is another with another glass. The people from outside are watching them as if it were to be a show These parts of the film can relate to the reading of Baddie Set. 4, selection 4.

What to Know About Presidential Appointments

Presidential appointments come in two forms: those that require the approval of the Senate and those that do not. Aside from Cabinet secretaries and Supreme Court justices, whose nominations require the approval of the Senate, the President of the United States currently has the authority to appoint people to high-level positions within the federal government unilaterally. According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), most of these positions appointed directly by the president come with salaries of from $99,628 to about $180,000 per year and include full federal employee benefits. How Many and Where? In its report to Congress, the GAO identified 321 presidentially appointed (PA) positions governmentwide that do not require Senate confirmation. PA positions fall into one of three categories: 67% of the positions serve on federal commissions, councils, committees, boards or foundations; 29% of the positions are within the Executive Office of the President, and the remaining 4% are in other federal agencies or departments.Of those 321 PA positions, 163 were created on August 10, 2012, when President Obama signed the Presidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act. The act converted 163 presidential nominations, all of which had previously required Senate hearings and approval, to positions appointed directly by the president. According to the GAO, most PA positions were created between 1970 and 2000. What the PAs Do PAs appointed to commissions, councils, committees, boards, or foundations and typically serve as advisors. However, they may be assigned some degree of responsibility for evaluating or even creating the organizations policy and direction.PAs in the Executive Office of the President (EOP) often directly support the president by providing advisory and administrative assistance. They might be expected to advise the president on a wide range of areas, including foreign relations, US and international economic policy, and homeland security. Also, PAs in the EOP assist in maintaining relationships between the White House and Congress, the executive branch agencies, and state and local governments.Responsibilities of PAs serving directly in federal agencies and departments are the most diverse. They may be assigned to assist presidential appointees in positions that require Senate approval. Others may serve as US representatives to United Nations organizations. Others may be assigned leade rship roles at highly visible non-agency organizations, such as the National Cancer Institute or the National Institutes of Health.br/>In most cases, there are no specific qualifications for PA positions, and since the appointments do not come under Senate scrutiny, they are subject to being used as political favors. However, PA positions on commissions, councils, committees, boards or foundations often have legally required qualifications. How Much the PAs Make First of all, most PAs are not paid a salary. According to the GAO, 99% of all PAs—those serving as advisors to commissions, councils, committees, boards or foundations—are either not compensated at all or are paid a daily rate of $634 or less only while serving.The remaining 1% of PAs—those in the EOP and those serving in federal agencies and departments—are paid salaries ranging from $99,628 to $180,000. However, there are notable exceptions. For example, the Director of the National Cancer Institute is a PA position within the Department of Health and Human Services that receives a salary of $350,000, according to the GAO.PA positions in the EOP and the federal departments and agencies are mostly full-time jobs and have no term limits. PAs appointed to commissions, councils, committees, boards or foundations serve intermittently during terms typically lasting from 3 to 6 years. Other Types of Politically Appointed Positions Overall, there are four main categories of politically appointed positions: Presidential Appointments with Senate confirmation (PAS), Presidential Appointments without Senate confirmation (PSs), political appointees to the Senior Executive Service (SES), and Schedule C political appointees. Persons in SES and Schedule C positions are typically appointed by PAS and PA appointees, rather than the President. However, all appointments to SES and Schedule C posts must be reviewed and approved by the Executive Office of the President. As of 2012, the GAO reported a total of 3,799 politically appointed federal positions, including 321 PA positions, 1,217 PAS positions, 789 SES positions, and 1,392 Schedule C positions. Presidential Appointments with Senate confirmation (PAS) positions are the top of the federal personnel food chain, and include positions such as cabinet agency secretaries and top administrators and deputy administrators of the non-cabinet agencies. Holders of PAS positions have direct responsibility for implementing the presidents goals and policies. During  the fiscal year 2013, salaries for PAS positions ranged from $145,700 to $199,700, the current salary of cabinet secretaries. PAs, while significantly responsible for implementing White House goals and policies, often serve under PAS appointees. Senior Executive Service (SES) appointees serve in positions just below PAS appointees. According to the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, they are the major link between these appointees and the rest of the Federal workforce. They operate and oversee nearly every government activity in approximately 75 Federal agencies. In the fiscal year 2013, salaries for Senior Executive Service appointees ranged from $119,554 to $179,700. Schedule C appointments are typically non-career assignments to positions ranging from regional directors of agencies to staff assistants and speech writers. Schedule C appointees are typically changed with each new incoming presidential administration, making them the category of presidential appointments most likely to be handed out as political favors. Salaries for Schedule C appointees range from $67,114 to $155,500. SES and Schedule C appointees typically serve in subordinate roles to PAS and PA appointees. At the Pleasure of the President By their very nature, presidential political appointments are not for people looking for a stable, long-term career. To be appointed in the first place, political appointees are expected to support the policies and goals of the presidents administration. As the GAO puts it, Individuals serving in political appointments generally serve at the pleasure of the appointing authority and do not have the job protections afforded to those in career-type appointments.

Recent law in Iran - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3064 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Information Essay Did you like this example? MEMORANDUM To Anna Neistat Senior Director of Amnesty International à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Recent law in Iran Regarding Contraceptive Measures; Proposed Strategies and Course of Actionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Summery Everybody has the right to decide about his/her body without external interference. This right includes decisions regarding the pregnancy and contraceptive measures. In other words, generally no one can impose binding norms on citizens about childbearing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Recent law in Iran" essay for you Create order Besides that, governments not only should not violate this human right but also have the responsibility to protect the citizens against any interference in implementing this right. However, abortion has been a deep rooted problem in Iran. Even before Islamic revolution abortion was not totally permitted in Iran. But after revolution of 1979 the new law became more conservative and limited regarding abortion. Furthermore, recently a law was passed in Iranian parliament that highly limits the pregnancy preventive measures. It even considers criminal punishment for citizens who use these measures. Clearly, this law can make the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s situation even worse. More explicitly, the number of clandestine and illegal abortion will increase since in many cases the pregnancy is unwanted. Even if the general policy is increasing the birth rate, restricting access to preventive measures is not acceptable. Amnesty international should use its strategies to prevent the con tinuing human rights violation in Iran in this particular filed. We had already struggled against abortion ban in El Salvador. I wish that by the strategies that are proposed here we could at least draw the international attention to this problem. Introduction and Problem Definition Iran recently (in July 2014) adopted a law titled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“increasing fertility and helping to prevent the decline in growth of populationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Many articles of this law explicitly violate the international human rights standards. Everybody has basic and fundamental human rights to make his/her decisions about his/her body, health and sexual life. In other words the autonomy should be respected in every situation. However in above mentioned law it is predicted that abortion, sterilization, vasectomy, tubectomy and any advertisements on birth limitation is prohibited and even the imprisonment is included as a punishment. Actually this law is adopted following the general policy of Iranian state to increase the population and birth rate. Under the existing law even if a woman be pregnant as a result of rape she still doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have the right to an abortion. In this law even the suitable age for marriage for both boys and girls is determined. Wit h regard to this law 20-25 years old and 18-22 are the appreciate ages for boys and girls respectably. In 1976, the Iranian Penal Code was amended. According to this new law a physician was allowed to perform an abortion under restrict conditions. In other words, couple should present evidence for a justified abortion. Surprisingly and after Islamic revolution in1984, the Supreme Council for Policy Making in Health, Curative Services and Medical Education proposed some conditions under which the abortion was legitimated and the aim was to maintain the welfare of both mother and child. Almost contrary to what is taken today, in 1989, due to the high number of birth after Iran-Iraq war the policy became I favor of contraceptive measures to finally reduce the rate of childbirth to 2.3 percent. Not surprisingly, this programme was considerably successful. Another positive step after revolution is the ratification of Therapeutic Abortion Act in 2005. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Act, whi ch was passed at a public session of the Iranian Parliament on May 31, 2005 and approved by the Guardian Council on June 15, 2005 after vigorous debate permits therapeutic abortion on the recommendation of three gynecological experts and confirmation by the Legal Medicine Organization. The Act allows for therapeutic abortion with the motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consent during the first four months of pregnancy in the event of fetal malformation or retardation or threat to the life of the mother, with the physician performing the abortion is indemnified against any future civil or criminal penaltiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[1] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Despite this fertility decline many pregnancies are reported as being unwanted or mistimed. While the total fertility rate of Iran dramatically declined from 5.3 children per woman in 1988 to 2.0 in 2000, unintended pregnancies accounted for 34 percent of all pregnancies in the whole country, with 16 percent as unwanted and 18 percent mistimedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[2] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Two decades after Iran initiated an effective birth control programme, including subsidized male sterilization surgeries and free condom distribution, the country is to make a U-turn. Last year the supreme leader,Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, criticized existing policy on contraception, describing it as an imitation of western lifestyle. He has urged the government to tackle what he believes to be an ageing population and to double the number of people in Iran from 77 million to at least 150 millionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[3]It is clear that this limitation will conclude to hidden abortion that in most of the time is dangerous for motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health. As it was mentioned before the number of abortion in Iran is two high despite many legal barriers. On the one hand, the number of sexual relation out of marriage is considerably increased and on the other hand there is not still enough knowledge about contraception among young mothers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ira nian policy will be clearer concerning Iranian position regarding the recent draft on the right of child in 21 November 2014. Iranà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s representative did not accept paragraph 5 of the draft that appoints the General Assembly would urge Governments to promote and protect the human rights of all women and girls, including, among other things, their right to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive healthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[4] Issue Analysis Unfortunately, in Iran, women and girls are held to sever gender stereotypes and expectations that consider them just as mothers who should stay at home and look after their children. The aim of this approach is to limit and isolate women from active participation in the society. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Under international human rights law all states have the responsibility to protect without any discrimination. Namely, if the state protects the bodily integrity and liberty of some people, the state is obligated to provide protection to others who are similarly situated. When harm results from a fetus, that harm similarly situates a woman to other people who have suffered harm to their bodily integrity and liberty. The state does act to protect people from harm in most situations; hence, the state is obligated to act to stop harm to a womans bodily integrity and liberty resulting from the fetus. The states refusal to fund abortions as the necessary means to stop that harm is thus an unc onstitutional deprivation of equal protectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[5] An overview to activities that have been done to solve the problem Generally, while international human rights NGOs paid much attention to womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights in Iran there is almost no serious work regarding abortion ban in this country. For instance, Human Rights Watch has already focused on the legal situation of abortion in Spain, Argentina and Ireland. In Amnesty International also we have studied about El Salvador but not Iran. This is also true about FIDH that did not do any investigation regarding abortion in Iran. As a result, not only there has not been complete and detailed international study regarding abortion in Iran but also this issue is almost neglected in internal debates concerning womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights. To sum up, except some sporadic efforts, as far as our research shows there is no serious and continues activity regarding abortion in Iran. Even when International human rights organizations talk about womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights in Iran they rarely refer to their right to their bodies. In other wor ds, this aspect of womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights in Iran is neglected and may be that explains why parliament can pass this law almost easily. Proposed Solutions and Strategic Recommendation Our policy goal is to draw public opinion attention on this issue and put Iran under international pressure, so the government will change or amend the law. As an Amnesty Internationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s staff I present here some strategies that can improve situation and prevent continuing human rights violation. Before explaining the main content, I should mention that all the three strategies should be followed in the same time. In other words, for achieving our goal, that is law amendment, Amnesty should consider all its potential capacities to change the situation and prevent human rights violation. Fact gathering, documentation and distribution of information First, it should be mentioned that Amnesty Internationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy was to establish a research office in London to identify and gather information on individual à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“prisoners of conscienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Amnesty would then distribute information worldwide about them and the abuses they suffered. Based on this historical mission I would suggest documentation and distribution of information worldwide as the most important and primary strategy. In this regard the global campaign My Body, My Rights, is the best tool. This campaign recognized making decisions about health, body sexuality and reproductive life as a basic human right. This campaign aims to help ensure that everyone has access to their sexual and reproductive rights and to stop criminalization of sexuality and reproduction by governments. Within the framework of the campaign we will try to improve the knowledge of Iranian womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s about their rights. The campaign alre ady works on the El Salvadorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case. We may à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“take actionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  about Iran as we already did in the El Salvador issue. It means we should first gather facts and start documentation then email petitions and do other online actions. The most important point here is that there is currently no Amnesty International office in Iran which makes the work more complicated and difficult. However we do have Amnesty members and supporters based there. It is important to have someone who read the law and translate it correctly. The other important source of information which can play a key role here is interviewing victims. We should assure them that they will be unanimous and that their cooperation has a key role in preventing continuous violation. They can give us the most credible information. For implementing the interviews we should also keep in touch with local activist. We call on young people across the globe and Amnesty activists to engage, alongside international partners, to speak out and demand that the sexual and reproductive rights of young people are protected, respected and fulfilled. However in following this strategy we should bear in mind that our practical experience during years shows that Iranian government is not always concern about the international perception of its human rights situation. As a result it may be pay no attention to the vast demand to change its law. What I suggest here is to mobilize Iranian civil society and help them to improve the awareness among women. Public opinion inevitably plays an important role in Iran. In other words we try to attract international attention and at the same time help internal NGOs to inform society of the negative points of this law and the dangerous consequences. In this regard it is so important to avoid any direct connection with Iranian NGOs. As a result, partnership with local campaigning group is almost impossible. We can inform them through our website. We can prepare reports and analysis and widely publish them. Besides that, there are numerous international human rights NGOs outside the country that focus particularly on Iran while their activity in Iran is illegal.[6] For preparing reports and educational text we can ask for their active participation particularly if they have lawyers among their staff. To ensure the maximum efficiency I suggest the translation of reports and womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights education texts related to Iran, into Persian. Most NGOs in Iran do not have enough budgets to benefit from a professional translator. Playing an active role in the UPR process The continued attention of the international community is required to achieve the ultimate goal. Universal Periodic Review is a good opportunity to take international attention to human rights violation in Iran. While states are encourage to undertake broad consultation at the national level with all relevant stakeholders (including NGOs) in order to gather the information they intend to submit to the UPR, Iranian government eliminate independent NGOs from this process. In other words it is not possible for Amnesty International to take part in the national consultations. It is more than 35 years that we could not send any delegation to Iran although we have tried many times. In the context of specific country reviews under the Universal Periodic Review, Amnesty International provides information about the situation of human rights in the countries under review and makes recommendations to the governments concerned to address key human rights challenges as well as strength en the process of the review. In this context direct lobbying can be an effective activity. As a result we should try other ways to engage in this process. First, we can submit information about unpleasant outcomes of this law. Then as I mentioned earlier, what I propose is lobby governments to make recommendations to Iran to address amendment to this law as we may not make intervention in the sessions of the UPR Working Group. We can meet with government representatives of the Member States of the Council, who may be inspired by our questions and recommendations ahead of and during UPR session. It is through these informal means that our recommendations and questions may influence the UPR proceedings and outcome. In my point of view, this action is necessary and can be the most effective one. We meet powerful governments in UPR revision so by direct lobbing we should convince them to include human rights issue in their mutual relations with Iran. In other words, Iranian of ficials should understand that by gross human rights violations they will lose economic benefits. I think this is the best way to oblige a government to follow human rights standards as Iranian government is almost indifferent about its international image. Write for rights Every year, around Human Rights Day on 10 December, hundreds of thousands of people around the world send a message to someone theyve never met. Letter writing has always been at the core of Amnestys work, and 53 years of human rights activism show that letters really do have the power to change lives. Amnesty Internationals annual Write For Rights campaign is the largest grassroots letter-writing effort in the world. By participating in write a letter during Write for Rights 2014, everyone can help change a life. We need people to take action and oblige Iranian government to respected, protected and fulfilled. Today, Amnesty members, activists and supporters have added tweets, Facebook posts, and online messages to letter writing. We have been doing this for 50 years because it works. This year it will start on December first and will last until 17 December. It is such a unique opportunity to include Iranà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case among others. We should include Iran in Write for Rights event by describing the law asks people to write a letter to Iranian Parliament to amend or abolish the law and decriminalize doing contraceptive measures. In my point of view, this is a unique chance to make the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s voice be heard worldwide. First we should use the facts that have been gathered before writing the letter. It is important to indicate the facts and figures in the sample letter to emphasis the depth of the problem. However what I propose here is to make short animation (maximum 2 minutes) explaining the situations of victim instead of just write about it. Thus we can attract more attention as people can deeply understand the situation. Here is the draft of the suggested letter:[7] President of Islamic Republic of Iran Hasan Rouhani President office, Pastour Avenue, Tehran Iran Dear President Rouhani, I am deeply concerned that thousands of women and girls are being denied their human rights as a result of Iranà ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s law that ban the abortion. I particularly declare my concern regarding the law that was adopted in July 2014 that bans all forms of contraceptive measures. Clearly this law violates the integrity and autonomy of both men and women and will have numerous unpleasant outcomes. This law would cause a rise in the number of clandestine and unhealthy abortions which may put in danger womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fundamental right to life. I call on you to urgently decriminalize abortion by eliminating all punitive measures for women and girls seeking an abortion, as well as for the health care providers and others who help them to have one. Finally, I ask that you ensure access to safe and legal abortion for all women and girls in Iran. As a minimum, please ensure access in cases of rape or incest, where the woman or girlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health or life is at risk, and where the fetus is unlikely to survive. The Iranian government is ultimately responsible for the resulting deaths of women and girls and for the thousands whose human rights have been violated by the ban. I look forward to hearing from you regarding this important matter. Sincerely, By conducting these three strategies I wish the problem will be resolved in Iran. We cannot expect a very quick reaction from Iranian government while human rights violation should have consequences for Iranian authorities. Iranian officials should understand that by gross human rights violations they will be under international pressure. 1 [1] Aramesh, Kiarash, The Influences of Bioethics and Islamic Jurisprudence on Policy-Making in Iran, The American Journal of Bioethics, 2007 [2] Erfani, Amir, Abortion in Iran: What do we know?, PSC Discussion Papers Series: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, 2008 [3]Now there is a draft of law under review in Iranian parliament that consider vide range of advantages for married people. According to article 9 of this law the priority in recruitment in all governmental and private sectors is dedicated to married men with children and then married men who still do not have children and at last are married women with children. Astonishingly, a single man is situated at the end of this category even when they are equal in qualifications with married men. Besides that, according to article 10 the recruitment of single professors will be forbidden in five years. [4] https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/gashc4124.doc.html [5] L. McDonagh, Eileen, My Body, My Consent: Securing The Constitutional Right To Abortion Funding, 62 Alb. L. Rev. 1057 1998-1999 [6] For instance Iran Human Rights and Iran Human Rights Documentation [7] For more information: Write For Rights sample letters, Amnesty international, 2014, available at: https://write.amnestyusa.org/resources/

Graduation Speech May You Have Enough Essay - 588 Words

Martin Luther King Jr. 1929-1968. Mother Theresa 1910-1997. Albert Einstein 1879-1955. All of these people are not remembered for their birth or death dates, but rather what they did with their dash. The dash that goes between their birth and death dates on their headstones. The dash that says what a person has accomplished in their life. The dash that takes up so little space, but holds so much meaning. What will you do with your dash? Will your dash be one of accomplishment, of success, of compassion, of love, of happiness? I wish you more than enough of all of these things to make up your dash. I heard a short story recently that I think seems appropriate to share. At an airport a father and daughter were saying good-bye to one†¦show more content†¦I have challenges ahead and the reality is, her next trip back will be for my funeral, he said, fighting back tears. When you were saying good-bye, I heard you say, I wish you enough. May I ask what that means? The father paused for a moment and smiled. Its a wish that has been handed down from other generations. When we said, I wish you enough, we were wanting the other person to have a life filled with enough good things to sustain them. Turning toward me, he shared the following as if he were reciting it from memory. This next part of the story is what Id like to emphasize. I have added a few things of my own to make it a little more personal. I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright. I wish you enough rain to make you appreciate the sun more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive. I wish you enough sadness so that the smallest joys in life appear much bigger. I wish you enough gain to satisfy your wanting. I wish you enough loss to appreciate all that you possess. I wish you enough love so you know just how special you are. I wish you enough pain in that love to make the memories of it even sweeter. I wish you enough dreams to cause your imagination to soar. 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The Managed Heart Emotional Management vs Emotional Labor Free Essays

Can a person†s heart be controlled? Do all people go have some form of emotional management or emotional labor in their lives? In the book, The Managed Heart, written by Arlie Hochschild , discusses the issues of emotional labor and emotional management. In the book, it describes the difference between the two issues and gives Hochschild†s opinion on those issues. The first issue is emotional management. We will write a custom essay sample on The Managed Heart: Emotional Management vs Emotional Labor or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is where the fight attendants learn how to deal with certain situations that they might encounter. Basically, they are taught to manage their emotions and look at their situation from the other side. By doing this, the flight attendants can create a happy and more comfortable setting for the passengers. On page 113 in the book, it states that the fight attendants should imagine a reason to excuse an obnoxious or unruly passenger. This is what Delta teaches: emotional management. The other issue is emotional labor. The use of emotional management is emotional labor. They flight attendants use surface acting in everyday work life. They are there to make the passenger feel comfortable and happy. This is a cover sheet for the flight attendants emotions. They are in a way bottling up their feelings to produce another feeling. The problem with emotional labor and surface acting are they become a part of that person. Hochschild thinks that this is a bad thing because one will never break away from the emotional labor and in turn have trouble expressing their inner feelings, (deep acting) in their private lives. In summary, emotional management is emotional labor. Emotional management is the learning how to deal with situations. Emotional labor is the actual use of the emotional management. Learning emotional management is helpful, but can affect that person†s lifestyle. When they use emotional labor, they are hiding their inner feelings to create are better atmosphere for others. People using this might never be able to distinguish the difference between their surface acting and deep acting. Hochschild†s sees this as a problem for the people affected by this emotion manipulator. This will affect their friend†s, family, and the rest of society. How to cite The Managed Heart: Emotional Management vs Emotional Labor, Essay examples