Examining the Effects that Plague the U.S. and Guam Communities - Free Essay Example

HIV and AIDS: Examining the Effects that Plague the U.S. and Guam Communities Today Introduction It is common knowledge that the human body is prone to several diseases, infections, and dysfunctions that can hinder the quality of life, so it important to treat our bodies with the utmost respect.   While not all diseases and infections can be avoided due to genetic predispositions and other factors, there remain numerous of diseases and infections that can actually be prevented in taking proper precautions during our daily routines.   One of these easily preventable infectious diseases is the human immunodeficiency virus, widely known as HIV.   Another easily preventable disease commonly associated with HIV is the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, abbreviated as AIDS.   AIDS is considerably one of the most dangerous infectious diseases that are still prevalent today.   Although these two diseases can easily be prevented, due to the lack of information about precautionary measures pertaining to sexual intercourse, sexual education in schools, and access to preventive care and treatment, HIV and AIDS continue to plague the human population on a global scale.. Human Immunodeficiency Virus According to a national newsletter released by the National Institute of Health (NIH) (2015), which is a part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, HIV is a virus that harms your immune system by invading and then destroying your infection-fighting white blood cells.   This virus infiltrates these white blood cells altering its normal functions; what was once our greatest protection against outside bacteria is now our own worst enemy.   Seemingly harmless illnesses, such as the common cold, is now just as life threatening as the flu or pneumonia.   HIV transmission is passed through the exchange of bodily fluids, such as blood and semen, from one infected person to the next.   Ninety percent of the time HIV is transferred during sexual intercourse that includes vaginal, anal, and oral.   The second most common route is injection through used needles, and lastly the transmission of the illness from mother to fetus or through blood transfusions (NIH, 2 015). The nonchalance of disregarding protection during sex and the sharing of needles during drug use are two major reasons why HIV and AIDS remains a nuisance to our society.   MedLine Plus (2015) states that, the first signs of HIV infection may be swollen glands and flu-like symptoms, that may come and go within two to four weeks. This is important to note because HIV may not present itself as evident in its host making a lot of people disregard the severity of their situation.   After this two to four week incubation period symptoms of HIV go dormant leaving the host unsuspected that they are now a carrier of the disease.   It will not be until months after does the carrier know they are infected.   This causes a vicious cycle where the infected person unknowingly may spread the disease to someone else or multiple others, which then in turn causes those who are newly infected to then transmit, HIV to another person.   The Healthy People 2020 or HP2020 (2018) website provides evidence of this cycle in stating that an estimated 1.2 million American are living with HIV, and one out of eight people are unaware of their status.   This argument is then furthered by a statistic showing that ninety-one percent of new HIV infections in the United States are transmitted from people not diagnosed or diagnosed and not in care.   The need for better informative procedures about this disease is in dire need by educators and health professionals.   HIV is broken down into four stages according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) (2014): stages zero, one, two, and three.   Stage zero is the first initial positive test six months after screening.   From there the stage level of HIV is then reevaluated and determined based on the longevity and symptoms present in the individual.   If the patient receives a diagnosis of stage three HIV, the disease has progressed to AIDS. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS was first discovered during the early 1980s and was first believed to only be associated with the homosexual male community.   This belief coined the term gay-related immune deficiency (GRID) for a couple months until further evidence suggested that not only gay men could contract the disease.   At this time the incidence of AIDS began to be reported worldwide, specifically in regions of Europe and Africa.   According to the Mayo Clinic (2015) website, the CD4 T cells, also known as your white blood cells, that were infected during the earlier stages of HIV now begin to die off, severely weakening the immune system leaving the body defenseless.   Once the individuals white blood cell count drops below two hundred they are deemed stage three of HIV or AIDS.   Again, this emphasizes the importance of education and early detection and screening about these types of diseases.   This process typically takes about ten years before HIV evolves into AIDS.   Signs and symptoms are more severe and include: recurring fever, chronic diarrhea, unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth, persistent and unexplained fatigue, weight loss, and skin rashes or bumps (Mayo Clinic, 2015) just to name a few.   Those who suffer from AIDS are now more susceptible to various forms of cancers and infections that would not trouble a normal person.   Some common infections that are associated with AIDS would be tuberculosis, Cryptococci meningitis, and candidiasis.   Cancers commonly affiliated with these diseases are Kaposis sarcoma and lymphoma.   These previously listed infections and cancers are among the leading causes of death in patients diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. There is a misconception that AIDS is a different virus than HIV so transmiss ion of this virus differs, but as mentioned recently AIDS is just a severer form of HIV.   Since AIDS is the last stage of HIV, transmission is virtually the same. Some are misinformed believing that these two diseases can be spread through ordinary contact like hugging, kissing, sharing drinks, or through the air.   This belief can sometimes instill fear of rejection in patients diagnosed with HIV and AIDS causing them not to disclose their own diagnosed status with current and future sexual partners.   People may even go as far as concealing their symptoms from their current physician and possible refuse to seek treatment due to embarrassment. Mission and Objectives HP2020 The HP2020 (2018) website states that its overall goal is to, prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and related illness and death. The website has also laid out three primary objectives that healthcare professionals and organizations should strive to reach.   These three primary objectives are: reducing new HIV infections, increasing HIV testing and prevent HIV risk, and increasing access to care and improving health outcomes for people living with HIV.   Under each of these primary objectives are subcategories that pertain to each objective.   There are a total of twenty-three sub goals that each provide data like tables and graphs that show the progress that has been made since the mid 2000s.   As stated before an estimated 1.2 million people are living with HIV.   Among these 1.2 million one out of eight people are unaware of their infected status.   HP2020 also reports that the annual infection rate has actually declined by 18% here in the United States from 2008 to 2014.   Despite this significant decrease in that six-year times span this disease continues to spread.   HP2020 Objective: HIV-1 One of the objectives HP2020 has set up to help with achieving their goal by the year 2020 is to reduce the number (number, all ages) of new HIV diagnoses.   The following graph accounts for the number of diagnoses from 2010 to 2015: Figure 4.   New HIV diagnoses (number, all ages) By Total Note. Graph taken from the HP2020 website displaying goal for newly HIV diagnosed patients in the U.S. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2018, from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/hiv According to Figure 1, the data demonstrates that there has been a steady decrease in newly diagnosed HIV patients within the U.S. from 2010 to 2015.   At the beginning of 2010 there was a baseline of 43, 806 new incidences of HIV by 2015 the number had decreased marginally to 40,040 (HP2020, 2018).   Unfortunately the goal that Healthy People set out to reach by the year 2020 is 32,855 new incidences, which at this rate seems unlikely to be fulfilled. HP2020 Objective: HIV-9 A second objective that HP2020 has set to achieve surrounding the AIDS epidemic currently plaguing the U.S. is to, reduce the proportion of persons with a diagnosis of Stage 3 HIV (AIDS) within three months of diagnosis of HIV infection (HP2020, 2018).   Figure 2 below was also taken from the HP2020 website illustrating the percentage of people who have contracted AIDS after 3 months of HIV infection: Figure 5.   Persons with a diagnosis of AIDS within 3 months of diagnosis of HIV infection (percent, 13+ years) By Total Note. Graph taken from the HP2020 website displaying goal for newly AIDS diagnosed patients in the U.S. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2018, from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/hiv Again a baseline is provided and a target goal for 2020 is shown.   Starting in 2008 it was estimated that 25.9% of people were reaching stage three of HIV within the first three months of their diagnosis.   Six years later this rate had steadily declined to only 23.1% in people thirteen years and older (HP 2020, 2018).   If this decline continues at this rate by 2020 the possibility of reaching this goal and even surpassing it seems very hopeful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When comparing these two subsets of data it is evident that treatment, like ART, has had more success in moving towards its goal than new incidences of HIV cases.   With that being said, efforts towards prevention still need to be revised and executed more effectively.   In order for health officials, organizations, and the community itself to improve prevention efforts it is important to understand the root cause of the problem, in this case we must ask ourselves, Why is HIV still being spread despite current health regulations and precautions?   If we are able to answer this question then our focus can shift primarily to prevention methods, which will then in turn eliminate the costs of treatment and relieve the burden of financial restrictions both on the patient and the health care industry. Health Determinants Root Causes As with any problem we must understand what is causing it in the first place.   Transmission of HIV is the problem in this case and we must determine why it is still prevalent after so many steps have been taken towards prevention.   Figure 6.   Root Cause Analysis of HIV and AIDS Transmission Note. Statistics obtained from the Healthy People 2020 website. Retrieved October 20, 2018, from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/hiv The root cause analysis depicted above in Figure 6 documents three main causes behind the reason why transmission of HIV is still a problem today despite statistical evidence showing a decrease over recent years.   Fear of Judgment and Failure of Adherence The first two causes state that fear of being judged by health practioneers and friends and family about ones sexual endeavours can make them refrain from seeking screening or treatment and those that do some of them suffer from substance abuse and other personal daily obligations that hinder adhereance to treatment.   Disclosing personal information like sexual acitivity can be very hard for most people especially those who are underage fearing their parents may find out.   Reputations are important to many and being open about matters like an HIV infected status or having mutlple sexual partners can be scary as it may write them off as dirty, untouchable, or someone who likes to sleep around.   However those whoe seek treatment tend to also add to the problem of transmission.   In a study titled, Factors Affecting Adherence to Antiretorviral Therapy, done by Margaret Chesney (2000) from the Univeristy of   California San Franciscos School of Medicine, she reports that non adherence to antiretorviral therapy range from 50% to 70%.   She also states that, principle factors associated with nonadhearance appear to be patient-related, the major factor included substance and alcohol abuse   (Chesney, 2000).   As with any prescription drug that needs to be taken daily, mixture of alcohol or other drugs is highly cautioned against.   Those who were undergoing ART during this study and were drug abusers tended to place their cravings before their personal health.   Putting themselves in a position to spread HIV to others.   Other patient-related nonadherences can be found in the following the table: Table 1.   Frequent causes for medication nonadherence by HIV-infected patients who are receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Note.   Adapted from Chesney, MA. (2000). Factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 30(Suppl 2), S171-S173. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-abstract/30/Supplement_2/S171/373130 By analyzing the table above many patients reported that the obstacles in life, like work, school, and family orietnated activities proved to intefere to a point that consistently taking their medication was not manageable.   Other emotional and physical side effects also contributed to the reduction of adherance to self medication. Sexual Education in High Schools The second cause relates to the lack of sexual education or information about practicing safe sex to high school students.   As mentioned previously the data taken from the HP2020 website includes ages thirteen years and up, meaning that high school students are also at risk for contracting HIV and potentially developing AIDS.   It is common knowledge that during teenage years to early adulthood the willingness to adventure and explore ones sexuality is at its all time high.   The following table was taken from the CDCs 2017 Youth Behavioral Risk Factoe Survlliance Survey (YBRFSS): Figure 7.   Percentages taken from the HIV section of the YBRFSS from 1991-2017 of High School Students across the United States Note. Taken from the Youth Risk Behavioral Survey. (2017). Trends in the prevalence of sexual behaviors and hiv testing national yrbs: 19912017. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trends/2017_sexual_trend_yrbs.pdf According to the YBRFSS (2017) taken earlier this year, nationwide 39.5% of high school students had participated in sexual activity with someone of either sex or both during their lifetime, 9.7% had four or more sexual partners, and 28.7% of these students had had sex three months before this survey was taken.   Shockingly enough 53.8% reported that either they or their partner had used a condom during sex, which means a little less than half are engaing in unprotected sex (YBRFSS, 2017).   In another self reported survey only 9.3% of these high school student shad ever been tested for HIV.   This data is reported in the table that follows. Figure 8.   Percentages taken from the HIV section of the YBRFSS from 1991-2017 of High School Students across the United States Note. Taken from the Youth Risk Behavioral Survey. (2017). Trends in the prevalence of sexual behaviors and hiv testing national yrbs: 19912017. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trends/2017_sexual_trend_yrbs.pdf Assuming this data is accurate the adolescent youth in the U.S. are at major risk for developing HIV and other related sexually transmitted diseases. This stems from the lack of information about unsafe sex practices and lack of access to contraceptives and knowledge of how to use them.   Better practices must be implemented in the school setting in regards to informing students about various forms of STDs, as knowledge is power. Providing and arming our youth with this information is the first step both health professionals, schools, and communities can take in prevention of HIV. BRFSS HIV Data: Guam vs. United States   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When comparing self-reported screening data for HIV provided by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) about the U.S. and Guam, the results appear to be very similar. Table 2.   Percentage in the U.S. and D.C. tested for HIV (2013-2017) Note. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health: BRFSS Prevalence Trends Data Table 3.   Percentage in Guam tested for HIV (Crude Rate: 2013-2017) Note. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health: BRFSS Prevalence Trends Data As the tables above show, people in the United States and Guam were asked if they were ever tested for HIV from the years 2013 to 2017.   Table 3s data shows that although Guam was near the average percentage of the U.S., they fell below average for those who confirmed screening up until last year (BRFSS, 2017).   However, this data may be misleading, as the sample size for this year was only 857 people, which was not as large and consistent with the previous years (sample size being over 1000).   As this indicates a low response by individuals in the Guam community there might be a lack of awareness of the current situation in regards to STDs here on island.   With that being said, Guam is in no better state of prevention or screening methods and must also enact better policies and laws in the community to increase the percentage of people seeking to be screened. Action Plan Policies and Laws Identifying At-Risk Populations As with any disease it is important to identify those who are most at-risk for developing the disease itself and providing screening and treatment options during its earliest stages.   Everyone is at risk for developing these two viruses however the rates are shown to be more prevalent in those who participate more frequently in unprotected sex and with multiple partners.   These two subgroups are primarily young African American and Latino men, affiliated with the LGBTQ+ community and high school students (CDC, 2017).   Current rates also tend to be higher of course in denser populations in the United States as shown in Figure 6 below: Figure 6.   Rates of HIV Diagnoses Among Adults and Adolescents in the US by State, 2016 Note. Graph taken from the CDC.Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2016.HIV Surveillance Report2017;28. States like Georgia, Florida, Maryland (DC), Louisiana, and Nevada are known to have denser populations, thus the reason for rates of 20.0 and greater per 100,000 people of HIV diagnoses.

Thomas Jefferson and Louisiana - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 305 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Westward Expansion Essay Did you like this example? In 1803, chairman Thomas Jefferson bought this area of Louisiana from the French authorities for $ 15 million. This Louisiana acquisition extended from this River stream in the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to New York City. In Jefferson, westward expansion was the explanation to this countrys well-being: He thought the democracy depended on the individual, moral people its life. The nations westward expansion in the 1800s was aided in no small part by its vast network of rivers and lakes. When President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory from the French government, it doubled the size of the existing United States. Jefferson believed that, for the republic to survive, westward expansion was necessary to create independent, virtuous citizens as owners of small farms. He wrote that those who labor the earth are Gods chosen people and greatly encouraged westward expansion. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Thomas Jefferson and Louisiana" essay for you Create order The Westward expansion of American agriculture was founded on military conquest and the displacement of Native Americans. The Mexican War of 1846-48 also involved westward expansion, this time at the expense of Mexicans as well as Indians of The Cherokee Nation. At the time Andrew Jackson was president, there was a fast-growing population and a desire for more land. Because of this, expansion was inevitable. To the west, many native Indian tribes were settled. Andrew Jackson spent a good deal of his presidency, dealing with the removal of the Indians in western land. Throughout the 1850s, American attention was riveted on westward expansion. But no discussion of expansion, or any aspect of the nations future, could get beyond the issue of slavery. In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln held a series of seven debates while competing for a seat in the U.S. Senate. Thousands of Americans attended the Lincoln-Douglas debates and listened raptly as the two candidates presented opposing views of slavery and its roll-on America.

Questions On Leadership And Organizational Behavior

According to well-known management consultant Drucker (n.d.) â€Å"management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things.† Unfortunately, many business professionals consider management to be synonymous with leadership, but if one truly examines the behaviors and characteristics of being a manager with those of being a leader, he/she will discover that the terms are not interchangeable. Creighton University’s Leadership and Organizational Behavior course allow students to understand the differences between managing in an organization and leading an organization. This paper will examine the weekly learning that took place during the eight week course, my current views on leadership and identify my personal leadership goals. At the beginning of this course, I identified my thoughts on leadership and organizational behavior based on my professional experiences and formal education. Coming from an accounting-focused undergraduate program, I took only a foundational course in the area of management, which examined various management concepts and lacked a true focus in the area of leadership. My professional experiences have helped me identify what characteristics are necessary for a leader to truly develop and guide organizational behavior. This course has allowed me to further develop this understanding and the information gained from this course has been evolutionary for me. This evolution has progressed me in my goals listed at the beginning of the courseShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior and Leadership Quiz Questions1210 Words   |  5 Pagesstructured and routine and feels that the outcomes of the teams actions are determined by luck or chance. Employee A exhibits an external locus of control, and employee B exhibits an internal locus of control. Employee B was upset by Employee As behavior at the departments planning meeting. 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We Are What We Eat free essay sample

The article discusses the long-term negative impact of watching television on the diet of American adults and provides advice on encouraging teenagers to eat healthy. This article is relevant to my project on proposing ways to combat obesity in Singapore as it highlights an important but possibly neglected causal factor for unhealthy eating habits – TV-watching. As young Singaporeans are exposed to television shows and media sources just as American teenagers are, findings on their negative influence should be seriously considered for my project. As the article was published recently on Jan 30 2009, the information is up-to-date. The author uses interview excerpts from professionals – Frederick J. Zimmerman from the Child Health Institute and Kimberly M. Thompson from the Harvard School of Public Health. Both institutes are highly reputable and influential in American health matters. Thus, they have the responsibility of presenting accurate information to the public. In the article, Zimmerman states that heavy TV viewing, especially of food advertising makes a difference to children’s diets. We will write a custom essay sample on We Are What We Eat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I agree, as advertisements have the cumulative effect of portraying unhealthy food as desirable and this undermines efforts to encourage a healthy lifestyle. This potentially explains the result in a recent study by a Canadian medical publication where physical fitness programmes in schools do not appear to combat obesity . Such advertising promotes food that goes against recommended dietary requirements and in the case of Singapore, the negative trend presents an obstacle to the success of Health Education, Trim and Fit and other comprehensive wellness programmes in school. Furthermore, a report from UK’s Sustain, an alliance of campaigners for better food and farming, suggests that up to 90% of food advertisements shown during children’s commercial TV programming are products high in fat, sugar or salt. It is apparent that junk food advertisements are largely targeted at children . Thus for my group to propose an effective public education campaign or strategic school programme, there is a need to be aware of the types and frequency of such advertisements on TV channels in Singapore. The article focused on the negative impact of television food advertising on eating habits. It states that when the young spend long hours watching television without parental guidance, they would be enticed to eat unhealthily but neglected to mention the catalysts or other reasons for people specifically being attracted to junk or fast food. One reason is that modern life is extremely fast-paced as revealed by the rising number of working hours from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) . As a result, many people do not have time to enjoy a proper meal. I believe factors such as the expectation for quick service and demand for calorie-laden snacks to combat stress or reward the self for a hard day’s work contribute to unhealthy eating habits. My group thus proposes to introduce healthy easy-to-prepare recipes to prevent time wastage in preparing food for the family. The article highlights the role of parents in watching their children’s diets My group agrees that parents play an important role and as many Singaporean parents are busy, our proposal to teach easy-to-prepare recipes to families will be useful, for both working adults and children.

Rubber Band Investigation Essay Example

Rubber Band Investigation Paper I am going to investigate the extension of a rubber band, which I will submit to increasing Newtons of force being applied in the form of 1N weights.PlanI will set the experiment up as follows:The rubber band will be attached to a retort stand, I will measure the starting size of the rubber band and then I will measure it three separate times adding 1N of force each time.I will continue this process until 10Ns where I shall stop, to avoid Hookes law coming into place.To make it a fair test we are repeating each level of force added 3 times, swapping the weights in between each measurement.We will take an average by adding the 3 results together and then dividing by the total amount of results. If any results which are anomalous or out of place occur I will retake these results to make a more accurate overall result.We aim discover a steady increase in the extension of the rubber band, as increasing amounts of force are applied.A key factor that needs to be controlled is how much the rubber band has been stretched from one set of 1-10 Newtons results to the next. Hopefully this will not be a problem because the rubber band will not reach its limit of elasticiticty until after 10 Newtons of force being applied.Extra InformationThe Law of elasticity discovered by the English scientist Robert Hooke in 1660, which states that, for relatively small deformations of an object, the displacement or size of the deformation is directly proportional to the deforming force or load. Under these conditions the object returns to its original shape and size upon removal of the load.Elastic behavior of solids according to Hookes law can be explained by the fact that small displacements of their constituent molecules, atoms, or ions from normal positions is also proportional to the force that causes the displacement.The deforming force may be applied to a solid by stretching, compressing, squeezing, bending, or twisting. So a rubber band exhibits elastic behavior according to Hook es law because the small increase in its length when stretched by an applied force doubles each time the force is doubled.Mathematically Hookes law states that the applied force F equals a constant k times the displacement or change in length x, or F = kx. The value of k depends not only on the kind of elastic material under consideration but also on its dimensions and shape.At relatively large values of applied force, the deformation of the elastic material is often larger than expected on the basis of Hookes law, even though the material remains elastic and returns to its original shape and size after removal of the force. Hookes law describes the elastic properties of materials only in the range in which the force and displacement are proportional. Sometimes Hookes law is formulated as F = -kx. In this expression F no longer means the applied force but rather the equal and oppositely directed restoring force that causes elastic materials to return to their original dimensions.No strict safety precautions need to be used only obvious light precautions are necessary, as the only potential danger would be if the rubber band snapped, however this will not happen if there is no more than the maximum load on the spring of 10N at any one time.This will also remove the problem of the stand on which the experiment is taking place from falling over.1. At this point the limit of proportionality has been reached this is where Hookes law is no longer accurate.2. This point is the rubber bands elastic limit if the force is removed from the bandit will no longer return to its original shape.Safety precautions* Be sure to keep your feet out of the area in which the masses will fall if the rubber band breaks!* Be sure to clamp the ring stand to the lab table, so that the mass does not pull it off the table.* You need to hang enough mass to the end of the spring to get a measurable stretch, but too much force will permanently damage the band.** Hookes Law says that the stret ch of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force. say Stress is In symbols, F = kx, where F is the force, x is the stretch, and k is a constant of proportionality. If Hookes Law is correct, then, the graph of force versus stretch will be a straight line.I will start with the zero end of the ruler even with the bottom of the rubber band when the spring scale is hanging on the rubber band. This will allow the change in length of the rubber band to be easily determined.Apparatus I will use:1 retort stand3 rubber bands10*1 Newton weightsRulerMy input variable is force in Newtons applied and my output variable is extension of rubber band.PredictionI predict that after 10 N of force has been applied to the rubber band it will reach its elastic limit and then it will start to follow Hookes law, where the amount the rubber band is stretched out of shape past its original size.I also predict that the greater the weight applied to the band, the further the band will stretch. This is because extension is proportional to load and so if load increases so does extension and so stretching distance.I also predict that the results will produce a straight-line graph and if I were to continue the experiment to further study the elastic limit I predict the graph would flatten out after 11 Newtons were the rubber band would be stretched out of shape, or Hookes law would come into play.Extension = New length Original lengthto see if my prediction is correct I will experiment, and obtain results using Hookes Law. He found that extension is proportional to the downward force acting on the rubber band.Hookes LawF=kxF = Force in Newtonk= Rubber band constant proportionalityx = Extension in CMMethod1. I set up the retort stand as shown in diagram 1 I put my blazer on the floor to protect the tiles in the case of the rubber band reaching its elastic limit and snapping.2. I also fastened the retort stand to the table with a clamp instead of my original plan of just weighing t he stand down with my textbooks!3. I measured the starting length of the elastic band and then hung the band form the claw of the retort stand , I then added increasing amounts of force by adding extra weights.4. I then measured the increase or extension of the rubber band from its original size.5. I then removed the weights and put them back on and then recorded the results to further times to get and average and a more accurate set of results.6. I then repeated this procedure for 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10 Newtons of force and measured the extension of the rubber band.7. I then decided to try to further investigate Hookes law by actually going past 10 Newtons of force to find the elastic limit of the rubber band, (when the rubber band snaps!)8. I then averaged out all my results and produce a graph, were I could see a line of best fit and prove my prediction was right.ConclusionAfter doing this investigation I was very happy with how it went, the practical was performed efficiently an d we even had time to add and experiment to test the rubber bands elastic limit.I proved the hypothesis to be correct and I also proved my prediction was an accurate prediction of what happened.I learnt a lot about Hookes law and elastic limits as a result of this investigation and I feel it was a worthwhile investigation in helping me to understand about elastic limits.By analysing my results I have proved my predication right that there will be an increase in the length of the rubber band as you increase the amounts of weights added.I was also completely correct that the rubber band would have limit of elasticity at about 10N of force where it will be permanently out of shape this increase in rubber band size did occur as predicted.The thing that Surprised me about my final results was the fact that the bands did not snap until 13.5Newtons of force were applied, I predicted the limit of the bands to be in the region of 10-12Newtons of force, not 13.5.To analyse these results with my scientific knowledge I would have to say the increase in length of rubber band is directly proportional to the increase in force applied so stretching distance also increases.We did alter are plan slightly because we had extra time at the end we tested the limit of elasticity to try to prove or disprove Hookes law.By analyzing my graphs with my scientific knowledge I can work out that the more force applied to the band, the greater the extension, that is why both my graph get gradually taller instead of ascending if you wanted to produce an ascending graph you could start off with 10 Newtons of force applied and keep taking more weights off to lower the extension.From my double rubber band experiment you can clearly see there is less extension throughout because with two bands they can share the force applied thus with two bands there is a higher elastic limit then with just one rubber abnd.Overall I am pleased with the outcome of this Investigation I believe that I have proved H ookes law to be correct and that after the limit of elasticity the rubber band is permanently put out of shape.

Mayahuel - The Aztec Goddess of Maguey

Mayahuel - The Aztec Goddess of Maguey Mayahuel was the Aztec goddess of maguey or agave (Agave americana), a cactus plant native to Mexico, and the goddess of pulque, an alcoholic drink made from agave juices. She is one of several goddesses who protect and support fertility in its different guises.   Key Takeaways: Mayahuel Alternate Names: NoneEquivalents: 11 Serpent (post-classic Mixtec)Epithets: The Woman of 400 BreastsCulture/Country: Aztec, Post-classic MexicoPrimary Sources: Bernadino Sahagun, Diego Duran, several codices, especially the Codex MagliabechianoRealms and Powers: Maguey, pulque, drunkenness, fertility, revitalizationFamily: The Tzitzimime (powerful destructive celestial beings who embodied creative powers), Teteoinan (Mother of the Gods), Toci (Our Grandmother) and the  Centzon Totochtin (400 Rabbits, Mayahuels children) Mayahuel in Aztec Mythology   Mayahuel was one of several Aztec gods and goddesses of fertility, each of whom had specific roles. She was the goddess of maguey, and patron of the 13-day festival (trecena) in the Aztec calendar that starts with 1 Malinalli (grass), a time of excesses and a lack of moderation.   Mayahuel was known as â€Å"the woman of the 400 breasts,† probably a reference to the many sprouts and leaves of maguey and the milky juice produced by the plant and transformed into pulque. The goddess is often depicted with full breasts or breastfeeding, or with many breasts to feed her many children, the Centzon Totochtin or â€Å"the 400 rabbits,† who were the gods associated with the effects of excessive drinking.   Appearance and Reputation In the existing Aztec codices, Mayahuel is depicted as a young woman with multiple breasts, emerging from a maguey plant, holding cups with foaming pulque. In the Codex Borbonicus, she wears blue clothing (the color of fertility), and a headdress of spindles and unspun maguey fiber (ixtle). The spindles symbolize the transformation or revitalization of disorder into order.   The Bilimek Pulque Vessel is a piece of carved dark green phyllite completely covered in complex iconographic signs, and in the collections of the Welt Museum in Vienna, Austria. Made in the early 1500s, the jar has a large head projecting out from the side of the vase that has been interpreted as the day sign Malinalli 1, the first day of Mayahuels festival. On the reverse side, Mayahuel is illustrated as decapitated with two streams of aquamiel squirting out from her breasts and into a pulque pot below.   Other associated images include a stele from the great classic period pyramid of Teotihuacan dated between 500–900 CE which shows scenes from a wedding with guests drinking pulque. A rock painting at the postclassic Aztec site of Ixtapantongo illustrates Mayahuel rising from a maguey plant, holding a gourd in either hand. Her head is crowned with the head of a bird and a feathered head-dress. In front of her is a pulque god and Pantecal, the father of her 400 children.   The Myth of the Invention of Pulque According to the Aztec myth, the god Quezalcoatl decided to provide humans with a special drink to celebrate and feast and gave them pulque. He sent Mayahuel, goddess of maguey, to the earth and then coupled with her. To avoid the rage of her grandmother and her other ferocious relatives the goddesses Tzitzimime, Quetzalcoatl and Mayahuel transformed themselves into a tree, but they were found out and Mayahuel was killed. Quetzalcoatl collected the bones of the goddess and buried them, and in that place grew the first plant of maguey. For this reason, it was thought that the sweet sap, the aguamiel, collected from the plant was the blood of the goddess. A different version of the myth tells that Mayahuel was a mortal woman who discovered how to collect aquamiel (the liquid), and her husband Pantecalt discovered how to make pulque. Sources Garnett, W. The Paintings at Tetitla, Atetelco and Ixtapantongo. Artes de Mà ©xico 3 (1954): 78–80. Print.Kroger, Joseph and Patrizia Granziera. Aztec Goddesses and Christian Madonnas: Images of the Divine Feminine in Mexico. Ashgate Publishing, 2012.Milbrath, Susan. Decapitated Lunar Goddesses in Aztec Art, Myth, and Ritual. Ancient Mesoamerica 8.2 (1997): 185–206. Print.Miller, Mary, and Karl Taube. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames Hudson, 1993.Taube, Karl. Las Origines del Pulque. Arqueologia Mexicana 7 (1996) :71. The Bilimek Pulque Vessel: Starlore, Calendrics, and Cosmology of Late Postclassic Central Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 4.1 (1993): 1–15.

Boeing Aircraft Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Boeing Aircraft Company - Case Study Example This American aircraft company is also respected for reportedly holding the most diverse, inventive and skilled workforce in the world (Boeing, 2013). The specific areas of competition that Boeing currently witnesses can be identified on the grounds of managerial economics, unique and valued added business strategy applications and managing the various external forces efficiently. In this regard, influence of changing customer behavior and competitive barriers raised by its chief contemporaries (including Airbus SAS) shall be noteworthy (Taylor & Tillmanns, 2002). Competitive Strategies applied by Boeing and Airbus Boeing has been successful in capturing a large proportion of the current aircraft market and subsequently, acquiring a significant position in the service industry. In the current scenario, Boeing exercises around 54% share of the aircraft market while its total commercial department amounted to $30.1 billion as on the year 2001. Notably, the invention of 747 Jumbo Jet in 1966 by Boeing brought about a revolution in the world of air travel. Correspondingly, Boeing had approached the aircraft market through a unique innovation of the large sized point to point aircrafts. Recently, it has developed a Wi-Fi inside the plane which will create an ease for the passengers in accessing internet during their journey in air (Taylor & Tillmanns, 2002). As apparent from the discussion, one of the approaches considered with principal significance by Boeing when entering the aircraft marketplace is continuous innovation. A chief competitor of Boeing, as was mentioned above, is Airbus SAS. Airbus was founded in the year 1970 as a result of association in the European aerospace industry. Later it was amalgamated into a single company by the year 2001. As on 2001, it captured 46% share of the global aircraft market being second to Boeing. Historically, the company was established by the European countries with an intention to compete with the larger American aircraf t companies and earn a good subsidiary form the European governments. It has a wide range of product line such as the Twin Aisle A340 and the Single Aisle A320. It is in this regard that working in a common market and above all, because Airbus was designed with an intention to compete with the American airline industry players, it tends to be a major rival to Boeing (Taylor & Tillmanns, 2002). Similarity and Differences between Boeing and Airbus Boeing and Airbuses, being the major competitors to each other, possess certain similarities as well as differences in various strategic aspects. On the basis of the notions related to managerial economics, both the companies can be observed to operate with a similar approach of customer service oriented management. Both the companies have therefore been designing the aircrafts keeping in mind the comfort of the customers and their growing needs of convenience as well as security. The aim of both the aircrafts has thus been centered to earn profits along with sustainability by rendering quality services in addressing almost every minute requirement of their targeted customers. Both of these are involved in the creation of additional benefits to the customers by developing newer and innovative aircrafts on a